Background Information
The Mississippi River is the 2nd longest river in the United States and the fourth longest river in the world, extending for 2,340 miles from northern Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico. It forms part of the traditional boundary between the United States and Canada, along with the Great Lakes. Many people associate the Mississippi River with the American South and iconic images of steam boats plying the river’s surface and indelible landscapes from American literature such as those painted by Mark Twain. But does the Mississippi River flow through the Grand Canyon? The short answer is no.
Historical Perspective
Historically, there has been much speculation and discussion regarding whether the Mississippi River ever connected with the Colorado River, either directly or through a tributary, at some point in its past—but scientific evidence has not yet been found to support this claim. In fact, the juxtaposition of the two rivers is often used to demonstrate how the processes of geology and geography can create dramatic changes in the course of rivers over time.
Since the Colorado River and its tributaries flow mainly through semi-arid terrain, its watershed is much drier. By comparison, the Mississippi River watershed is comprised of much more humid lands where precipitation and runoff can increase the flow of a river. As rainfall in one watershed affects only that river and its tributaries, any connection between the two watersheds would likely have had to occur prehistorically, when the contours of the land were much different than they are today.
Expert Perspective
Terry Callahan, a geologist specializing in paleogeography and the study of ancient environments, explains why a connection between the two rivers is improbable. “The terrain that now spans the two waterways has changed dramatically over millions of years, which makes it highly unlikely that, in prehistory, the two rivers ever touched in any way.” As Callahan explains, the two rivers evolved independently during different geological eras, and they now occupy areas that were once in the same place but are now separated by land.
Analysis
The Mississippi and Colorado River watersheds were once connected in some way, although we may never know exactly how or when. The Grand Canyon itself can be thought of as a boundary between the two watersheds, with the Colorado River signaling the modern marker of the changing boundaries between the land that once connected them. The Grand Canyon serves as a reminder of how powerful geological forces, combined with dramatic changes in the course of rivers over time, can shape and remold the landscape in ways both subtle and spectacular.
Unexpected Developments
Recent studies in geology and geography have also called into question the assumption that two rivers never connect. For example, the Green and Colorado rivers in western Utah converge and go on to form one river with multiple branches that eventually enter the Grand Canyon. This incredible feat of nature demonstrates that river courses can change and that, given the right conditions and geologic activity, it is possible for different rivers to one day be joined together.
Environmental Factors
The environmental factors involved in the formation of the Mississippi River and its watershed also help to explain why the river does not, and likely never will, flow through the Grand Canyon. The heavy rainfall and runoff of the Mississippi watershed produce a greater amount of silt and sediment, which can be carried along by the river and can ultimately lead to flooding and other problems. By comparison, the region of the Grand Canyon is much drier and is therefore not capable of withstanding the floodwaters that would be brought in by a river like the Mississippi.
Man-Made Influences
Though the two rivers never were and never will be connected, there are a few man-made solutions in place to help contain and manage the flow of the Mississippi River. Major dams like the one at St. Louis as well as other engineering structures help to control the flow of water and direct it away from more urban areas. In addition, dredging, the removal of silt from the Mississippi Riverbed, is a common practice to maintain river depth will also help to manage the river’s flow.
Social Impacts
The effects of the Mississippi River have long been felt by the people who live along its basin. From providing a transportation and trading route for early settlers to its current role as a recreational lake for boating, fishing and swimming, the Mississippi River remains a vital part of many people’s lives. In addition, its size and scope have had a major environmental impact, with flooding affecting the surrounding land and creating an unpredictable pattern of water flow. As a result, many safety measures have been taken to protect homes and property, as well as the wildlife that lives in the watershed.
Economic Factors
In addition to its social importance, the Mississippi River is also an economic force in the region. The river is home to a variety of businesses that rely on its waters for transport, irrigation and electrical power. In addition, the river is a source of income for many tour companies and recreational activities, such as boating and fishing. The river is also the lifeblood of many agricultural operations, providing the water essential for crops and livestock to survive. All these businesses depend on the Mississippi River for their success, making it a key factor in many local economies.
Anthropological Considerations
The Mississippi River is deeply rooted in American culture and identity. While the river has seen its share of devastating floods and other disasters, it also provides a source of pride and joy for those who have called it home for generations. From being an integral part of American literature and folklore to its current role in literature and film, the river is intertwined with the idea of the American identity.
Environmental Solutions
Given its size and importance, much effort has been put into protecting the health of the Mississippi River. In addition to the dam and dredging efforts mentioned earlier, other preventative measures have been taken to minimize damage and contamination. These include soil erosion solutions, assistance programs for farmers and other land-use regulations. These solutions, while not foolproof, help to ensure that the Mississippi remains a vibrant part of our cultural, economic and ecological landscape.
