Introduction
The Yangtze River is one of the longest rivers in China and the rest of the world. Originating from the glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau, it traverses the provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet before coursing through the east, central and south-west regions of China, on it’s way to the Pacific Ocean. More than 300 million people depend on the Yangtze for their water supply and it is an important hub for transport, resources and energy. But where does this mighty river end?
Geological System
The Yangtze River, or “The Great River,” is the third-longest river in the world and almost 6,300 kilometers long. The source of the Yangtze River is near the Jiangyong County in southwestern Hunan Province. From there, it flows northwestwards, enters and crosses through the Hubei Province, and makes its way to Chongqing. The tributaries of the Yangtze River account for a significant portion of its total basin area, which is approximately 1.8 million square kilometers. The river then splits into two main branches, the main course and the Nandan Channel, before it continues its journey towards the east, south and south-west towards its eventual delta near the cities of Shanghai and Hangzhou. The world’s third-longest river then pours into the East China Sea.
Economic and Social Implications
The Yangtze River is essential for agricultural irrigation and the production of hydroelectric power. Over the last few decades, its importance has greatly increased due to China’s booming economy. The river has been subject to intensive human activities for a long period now, both for transportation and for agricultural purposes. Its importance to local economies is immense, with numerous docks and cities along its banks. It is also of great importance to the fishing industry, with over 200 species of fish found in its waters.
More recently, concerns have been raised surrounding the ecological impact of the extensive development projects along the river. The engineering feats honed on the Yangtze will lead to further progress but also put further strain on the river’s ecology and livelihoods of the people who depend on it. Attention also needs to be drawn to potential water shortages, with droughts regularly occurring in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River.
Environmental Threats
Environmental threats posed by the Yangtze river are numerous and on the rise. The unsound economic development in recent years has led to the pollution and destruction of the river’s pristine ecosystems, with the Three Gorges Dam project in particular having a devastating effect. According to a 2017 report, the dam has transformed a major river into a polluted water body, heavily laden with industrial wastewater, depleting demand for drinking water and dramatically affecting the wildlife.
This pollution is of particular concern due to the large amounts of hazardous substances discharged into the surrounding water and air. The ecosystem of the river is also at risk from invasive species such as the non-native Silver and Bighead carps, which have caused great disruption to the native species. Over fishing is a major problem, with the over exploitation of the species in the Yangtze River Basin posing a serious issue to the sustainability of the river and its surrounding ecosystem.
Popular Culture
The Yangtze River is a powerful symbol of Chinese history and culture, representing the nation’s struggle and progress over thousands of years. From Chinese poetry to classical Chinese literature, the river has been a source of inspiration, with tales of romance and adventure. Of particular note is the traditional folk song of the Yangtze River, ‘The White Waves of the Yangtze’. Written over 1000 years ago, this is one of the most popular songs in China to this day.
The effect of the Yangtze on Chinese people’s lives and stories can also be seen in popular films. The 2019 movie ‘The Crossing: Part 2’ is a story of love and loss during the mid-20th century, when millions of refugees fled the Communist takeover of China. Taking place against the backdrop of the Yangtze River, this story portrays the brave journey of those who crossed the river in search of a brighter future.
Protection Efforts
Protection efforts for the Yangtze River have been on the rise for many years now. According to a report from the Institute of Public & Environmental Affairs, there have been improvements in water quality in the middle and lower reaches of the river, including a decrease in the levels of ammonia nitrogen. This is due to the efforts of 65 key cities in the upper and middle-lower reaches of the river as part of the ‘Seven Key Project’.
More recently, China has poured billions into its ‘Clean Up the Yangtze’ initiative, focusing on increasing public knowledge, reforestation, agricultural reforms, industrial restructuring and strengthening the protection of important wetland areas.
Responsible Tourism
River cruises along the Yangtze have become an increasingly popular way to experience the diversity of China. However, it is vital that those embarking on these voyages are aware of the need to act responsibly to ensure the conservation of the precious river and its surroundings. Tour operators should ensure that their clients take the right precautions to protect the environment along the route. This includes respecting local communities, respecting wildlife and taking initiatives to reduce their environmental footprint.
Industrial Pollution
One of the greatest threats to the Yangtze Basin is the ongoing industrial pollution from activities such as papermaking, mineral extraction, petrochemical processing and smelting. According to research by the Chinese government, the water quality in certain areas of the Yangtze River has been making an alarming decline. In some areas, the content of pollutants can reach three to four times higher than the levels deemed safe for human consumption.
The authorities have long recognized the need to curb pollution, introducing reformed laws and regulations to attempt to limit the amount of toxic substances discharging into the river. Over the years, the government has spent billions of dollars on various pollution control projects, such as rolling out tighter emission standards and strengthening legal enforcement. However, the government has also warned that the impact of pollution will take a long period of time before any significant difference is seen.
Relocation Projects
The Yangtze River is not only home to millions of people but also vulnerable species, who are currently facing the threat of being displaced from their natural habitats due to the construction activities in the area. This is particularly an issue for the Three Gorges Dam, which saw hundreds of thousands of people forcibly relocated from their homes.
The relocation of these communities has sparked criticism from human rights groups, who worry about the negative impacts on their health, livelihoods and well-being. To help those affected, the government has rolled out a number of projects to provide job opportunities, housing, education and training programs. Government officials have also called for international support in tackling the challenges caused by the Yangtze river development projects.
Conclusion
The Yangtze River is an essential part of Chinese history and culture, and is of great importance to all of its inhabitants. Its significance lies in both its economic and social implications, bringing joy and opportunities to millions of people. Unfortunately, these benefits come at a cost, and environmental damage and disruption of wildlife, both directly and indirectly, is something that needs to be kept in check. With both government protection efforts and the support of the public, there is hope that the Yangtze River and its surroundings can be protected and preserved for generations to come.
